European electricity mix
Electricity generation by source and carbon intensity of the power sector, country by country.
The 27 European Union member states, plus the United Kingdom, Switzerland and Norway, whose power systems are coupled to the European market. Annual resolution, generation in TWh.
Source: Ember
2025 at a glance
Carbon intensity, France
41.2gCO2/kWh
Low-carbon share, France
94.9 %
Total generation, France
574.4TWh
Rank out of 30 countries
4
from lowest to highest carbon intensity
Carbon intensity of the power sector in 2025
Power sector emissions divided by generation, in grams of CO2 per kilowatt-hour.
View data
| Rank | Country | Carbon intensity (gCO2/kWh) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Norway | 28.1 |
| 2 | Sweden | 35.3 |
| 3 | Switzerland | 39 |
| 4 | France | 41.2 |
| 5 | Finland | 57.2 |
| 6 | Slovakia | 95 |
| 7 | Denmark | 99.9 |
| 8 | Austria | 116.7 |
| 9 | Luxembourg | 120.8 |
| 10 | Belgium | 125.8 |
| 11 | Portugal | 127.8 |
| 12 | Latvia | 134.9 |
| 13 | Lithuania | 138.2 |
| 14 | Spain | 153.5 |
| 15 | Croatia | 158.1 |
| 16 | Hungary | 162.6 |
| 17 | Slovenia | 188.5 |
| 18 | United Kingdom | 218.2 |
| 19 | Netherlands | 253.7 |
| 20 | Romania | 259.2 |
| 21 | Ireland | 263.3 |
| 22 | Bulgaria | 275.4 |
| 23 | Italy | 284.3 |
| 24 | Estonia | 318.6 |
| 25 | Greece | 324.8 |
| 26 | Germany | 334.1 |
| 27 | Czechia | 401.4 |
| 28 | Malta | 479.6 |
| 29 | Cyprus | 505.2 |
| 30 | Poland | 590.9 |
Source: Ember. The carbon intensity shown here divides power sector emissions by generation, on a life-cycle basis: it therefore attributes emissions to nuclear, hydro, solar and wind.
Generation mix by country
Annual generation by source, in terawatt-hours. Cross-border trade is shown separately and is not counted as generation.
View data
| Year | Coal | Gas | Other fossil | Nuclear | Hydro | Bioenergy | Wind | Solar | Other renewables | Generation (TWh) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 27 | 11.5 | 11.1 | 415.2 | 64.8 | 2.5 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.5 | 532.6 |
| 2001 | 20.5 | 15.2 | 9.8 | 421.1 | 72.6 | 2.9 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.5 | 542.6 |
| 2002 | 23.7 | 18.4 | 9.8 | 436.8 | 58.9 | 3 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.5 | 551.2 |
| 2003 | 26.3 | 19.4 | 11 | 441.1 | 57.4 | 3.2 | 0.4 | 0 | 0.5 | 559.1 |
| 2004 | 24.4 | 21.1 | 10.2 | 448.2 | 58 | 3.3 | 0.6 | 0 | 0.5 | 566.3 |
| 2005 | 27.5 | 23.1 | 12.1 | 451.5 | 50.1 | 3.4 | 1 | 0 | 0.5 | 569.1 |
| 2006 | 22.9 | 21.8 | 11.6 | 450.2 | 54.9 | 3.4 | 2.2 | 0 | 0.5 | 567.3 |
| 2007 | 24.5 | 22 | 11.4 | 439.7 | 56 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 0 | 0.5 | 561.8 |
| 2008 | 23.1 | 21.9 | 10.3 | 439.5 | 62.2 | 4 | 5.7 | 0 | 0.5 | 567 |
| 2009 | 21.7 | 20.5 | 8.8 | 409.7 | 55.5 | 4.1 | 7.9 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 528.9 |
| 2010 | 23.4 | 23.8 | 10 | 428.5 | 61.2 | 4.4 | 9.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 562.4 |
| 2011 | 17.4 | 29.5 | 12.4 | 442.4 | 45.7 | 5 | 12.4 | 2.3 | 0.5 | 567.7 |
| 2012 | 21.5 | 22.8 | 12.7 | 425.4 | 59.8 | 5.3 | 15.2 | 4.4 | 0.5 | 567.6 |
| 2013 | 23.8 | 18.4 | 11.4 | 423.7 | 71.9 | 5.7 | 16.1 | 5.2 | 0.5 | 576.8 |
| 2014 | 11.3 | 13.2 | 11.4 | 436.5 | 63.8 | 6 | 17.3 | 6.4 | 0.6 | 566.3 |
| 2015 | 11.9 | 21.1 | 11.9 | 437.4 | 55.6 | 6.5 | 21.4 | 7.8 | 0.6 | 574.2 |
| 2016 | 10.2 | 35 | 11.4 | 403.2 | 60.8 | 7.5 | 21.4 | 8.7 | 0.6 | 558.8 |
| 2017 | 12.8 | 40.5 | 12.2 | 398.4 | 50 | 7.8 | 24.6 | 8.9 | 0.7 | 555.7 |
| 2018 | 8.3 | 30.6 | 10.6 | 412.9 | 65.1 | 8.4 | 28.6 | 11.2 | 0.6 | 576.2 |
| 2019 | 3.6 | 39.2 | 10.7 | 399 | 56.9 | 8.6 | 34.7 | 12 | 0.6 | 565.5 |
| 2020 | 3.1 | 35.3 | 10.1 | 353.8 | 62.5 | 8.8 | 40.1 | 13.1 | 0.6 | 527.3 |
| 2021 | 5.4 | 33.3 | 10.1 | 379.4 | 59.5 | 9.6 | 37.1 | 15.3 | 0.6 | 550.3 |
| 2022 | 4.2 | 45.7 | 10.5 | 294.7 | 45.5 | 9.7 | 38.2 | 19.3 | 0.6 | 468.4 |
| 2023 | 1.6 | 30 | 9.4 | 338.2 | 55.9 | 9.9 | 50.5 | 22.6 | 0.6 | 518.8 |
| 2024 | 1 | 18.1 | 9.5 | 380.5 | 71.1 | 10.7 | 48 | 25.1 | 0.6 | 564.5 |
| 2025 | 1.8 | 17.2 | 10.4 | 392.1 | 59.4 | 10.3 | 50.7 | 32 | 0.6 | 574.4 |
Source: Ember.
Twenty-five years of carbon intensity
Carbon intensity of the power sector by year. France is always plotted; add or remove comparison countries.
View data
| Year | France | Germany | Spain | Poland | Sweden |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 79.8 | 573.1 | 470.9 | 954.6 | 44.8 |
| 2001 | 68.6 | 565.5 | 422.5 | 949.5 | 46.7 |
| 2002 | 75.2 | 569.6 | 481.9 | 945.7 | 56.2 |
| 2003 | 80.9 | 570 | 429.2 | 949.8 | 68.5 |
| 2004 | 77.2 | 554.7 | 449.1 | 941.3 | 48.1 |
| 2005 | 85.5 | 546.3 | 475.1 | 932.2 | 43.1 |
| 2006 | 76.6 | 536.2 | 432.7 | 931.9 | 49.7 |
| 2007 | 80.1 | 551.8 | 438.8 | 925.4 | 46.1 |
| 2008 | 76 | 525.4 | 390.3 | 918.6 | 47.9 |
| 2009 | 75.6 | 521.5 | 355.1 | 904.9 | 51.1 |
| 2010 | 78.5 | 516.6 | 288.2 | 893.1 | 63.7 |
| 2011 | 74.6 | 529.7 | 337.2 | 881.6 | 52.3 |
| 2012 | 77.6 | 534.1 | 351.1 | 860.8 | 44.6 |
| 2013 | 76.3 | 538 | 286.9 | 863.3 | 44.7 |
| 2014 | 52.2 | 521.7 | 289 | 844.1 | 40.2 |
| 2015 | 59.2 | 503.6 | 328.4 | 826.2 | 40.9 |
| 2016 | 68.6 | 498.3 | 283 | 818.5 | 43.1 |
| 2017 | 78.3 | 469.7 | 329.2 | 805.6 | 42.5 |
| 2018 | 59.9 | 454.5 | 290.9 | 809 | 42.8 |
| 2019 | 59.8 | 392.5 | 246.7 | 771.6 | 42.4 |
| 2020 | 59.1 | 355.6 | 199.2 | 738.3 | 38.7 |
| 2021 | 59.8 | 394.6 | 193.6 | 756.4 | 41.7 |
| 2022 | 78.5 | 419.7 | 217.1 | 732.5 | 41 |
| 2023 | 53.3 | 363.6 | 169.7 | 650.9 | 38.4 |
| 2024 | 40.3 | 339.9 | 146.3 | 608.5 | 34.9 |
| 2025 | 41.2 | 334.1 | 153.5 | 590.9 | 35.3 |
Source: Ember. Ember revises its series, including for closed years: a figure read here may differ from an earlier edition.
Methodology and scope
Yearly electricity data (production par filière, intensité carbone), Ember. Licence: CC-BY-4.0 (annoncée par Ember, à confirmer : voir notice)
The carbon intensity shown here divides power sector emissions by generation, on a life-cycle basis: it therefore attributes emissions to nuclear, hydro, solar and wind.
European Union of 27, plus the United Kingdom, Switzerland and Norway. A source not published for a given country and year is absent from the data point, never replaced by zero.
Ember revises its series, including for closed years: a figure read here may differ from an earlier edition.